IndustrialBlog

The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider used for measuring electric potential (voltage); the component is an implementation of the same principle, hence its name.

To answer the question of what is linear potentiometer, first, let us see what are the different parts of this potentiometer. A linear taper potentiometer is usually made up of three pins that adjust to a flow of voltage, and produce a regulated voltage output relevant to its sliding components.

Parallel circuits are similar to the smaller blood veins that branch off from an artery and then join in a vessel to return blood to the heart. Now imagine two wires, each as an artery and a vein, that are connected to each other with some smaller wires. These smaller wires have the same voltages applied to them, but different amounts of current flow through them based on the individual wires’ resistance.

A circuit composed solely of components connected in series is known as a series circuit; likewise, one connected completely in parallel is known as a parallel circuit. Many circuits can be analyzed as combination of series and parallel circuits, along with other configurations.

In forward biasing, the external voltage supply is applied across the PN-junction diode. This voltage cuts the potential barrier and provides a low resistance way to the flow of current. The meaning of the forward bias is the connection of the positive region to the p-terminal of the supply, while the negative region is joined to the n-type of the device. To read more about these topics, you can use the references mentioned below.

References:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_junction#Reverse_bias

https://www.linquip.com/blog/ultimate-guide-what-is-linear-potentiometer/

https://www.youtube.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/differences-between-forward-reverse-biasing/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer

https://www.linquip.com/blog/differences-between-series-and-parallel-circuits/

 linear potentiometer

A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.

Linear potentiometers have unique features to ensure long trouble-free life in the harshest of environments from motorsport to structural monitoring, from measuring linear position or displacement in a wide variety and broad range of manufacturing and process equipment. 

Series and parallel circuits

Two-terminal components and electrical networks can be connected in series or parallel. The resulting electrical network will have two terminals and can participate in a series or parallel topology. Whether a two-terminal "object" is an electrical component or an electrical network is a matter of perspective. This article will use "component" to refer to a two-terminal "object" that participates in the series/parallel networks. But what are the differences between series and parallel circuits?

Series and Parallel Circuit_ Close circuits have a complete path for current to flow in a loop. An open circuit does not have a closed-loop, which means that it’s not operative. A short circuit is a low-resistance path, usually made accidentally, that bypasses some parts of a circuit. A short circuit can occur when two bare wires in a circuit meet each other.  Read more

Forward Bias vs. Reverse Bias

In forward bias, the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the p-type material and the negative terminal is connected to the n-type material so that holes are injected into the p-type material and electrons into the n-type material. The electrons in the n-type material are called majority carriers on that side, but electrons that make it to the p-type side are called minority carriers. 

In reversed bias, there is a connection between the negative region and the positive terminal of the battery, and the positive region is joined to the negative terminal. The reverse potential boosts the strength of the potential barrier in this situation.

 Turbines actually act as converters. They convert wind or sea energy into electrical energy and are considered as an alternative to non-renewable resources. There are different types of turbines, such as Impulse Turbine, wind turbine, etc.

Impulse Turbine

In these turbines, the static pressure inside the runner is constant, and the turbine runner is at atmospheric pressure. The runner spins in the air, and the fluid is sprayed to the blades through the nozzle to exchange energy with the turbine. A jet nozzle or a series of nozzles directs the high-speed flow to the blades, which are usually in the shape of buckets or cups. Therefore, only pressure changes occur in the nozzles.

In the case of steam turbines, such as would be used for marine applications or for land-based electricity generation, a Parsons-type reaction turbine would require approximately double the number of blade rows as a de Laval-type impulse turbine, for the same degree of thermal energy conversion.

Francis Turbine

Francis turbines are primarily used for electrical power production. The power output of the electric generators generally ranges from just a few kilowatts up to 1000 MW, though mini-hydro installations may be lower. The best performance is seen when the head height is between 100–300 metres (330–980 ft).

rancis turbines are employed regularly in hydroelectric power plants. In these power plants, high-pressure water enters the turbine through the snail-shell casing (the volute). This movement decreases the water pressure as it curls through the tube; however, the water’s speed remains unchanged. Following the passing through the volute, the water flows through the guide vanes and is directed towards the runner’s blades at optimum angles.

Kaplan Turbine and Hydrokinetic Turbine

HK turbines have relatively simple designs without the need for a reservoir or spillway. Initial testing indicates the adverse environmental effects are minimal, and the simplicity of these designs results in low-cost installation and maintenance. Therefore, this simplicity makes these systems valuable in rural or remote areas. In the following figure, you can see the flow conditions of hydrokinetic turbines.

A Kaplan turbine is one kind of a propeller hydro turbine (particularly a reaction turbine) used in hydroelectric plants. Waterflow both in and out of Kaplan turbines through its rotational axis, which is called axial flow. The point that makes Kaplan turbines special is that the blades can change their demand to preserve maximum efficiency for various water flow rates. 

References:

https://www.linquip.com/blog/hydrokinetic-turbines/

https://www.youtube.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/kaplan-turbine/

https://www.energy.gov/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/what-is-francis-turbine/

https://www.ethosenergygroup.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/impulse-turbine-working-principle/

You must have heard the name of the turbine by now, and when you hear the name of the turbine, you will see a picture of turbines that move with the wind. But there are different types of turbines, one of which is wind turbines, such as Hydrokinetic Turbine, Kaplan Turbine, Francis Turbine, Impulse Turbine. In this article, we will introduce several types of turbines.

Hydrokinetic Turbines

Hydrokinetic Turbines include clean sources of renewable energy that significantly reduce the carbon emissions of off-grid sites, especially when relying on diesel fuel.

Hydrokinetic turbines produce a base load for the microgrid power systems. The portability of the system reduces the need for costly infrastructure. read more

Francis Turbine

The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine. It is an inward-flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today and can achieve over 95% efficiency.

These turbines can be used for heads as low as 2 meters and as high as 300 meters. Additionally, these turbines are beneficial as they work equally well when positioned horizontally as they do when they are oriented vertically. more information

Kaplan Turbine

The Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine which has adjustable blades. It was developed in 1913 by Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan, who combined automatically adjusted propeller blades with automatically adjusted wicket gates to achieve efficiency over a wide range of flow and water level.

Main parts of Kaplan Turbine as follows:

• Scroll casing,
• Guide vane mechanism,
• Draft tube, and
• Runner blades

Impulse Turbine

Generally, Hydro turbines are classified into two groups based on how the energy is exchanged between the fluid and the turbine: impulse turbines and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines operate based on the change of velocity vectors. In general, the potential energy of the water based on the height of the waterfall is converted into kinetic energy by one or more nozzles and then water hits the turbine blades at high speed causing the turbine to spin and consequently generates electricity.

Impulse turbines do not require a pressure casement around the rotor since the fluid jet is created by the nozzle prior to reaching the blades on the rotor.

 Centrifugal Compressor is one of the types of compressors. In this post, we talked about how it works, its types, and comparing it with several other compressors.

The radial compressor is also called a centrifugal compressor. This kind of dynamic compressor has a radial design. They operate at constant pressure and any changes in the external conditions will affect the performance of these compressors.

Centrifugal compressors, sometimes called radial compressors, are a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work-absorbing turbomachinery.

They achieve a pressure rise by adding kinetic energy/velocity to a continuous flow of fluid through the rotor or impeller.  

Types of  Centrifugal Compressor

• Multi-Stage Compressor

Multi-stage compressors are among different types of centrifugal compressors. As the name suggests, this compressor has been designed to pass the gas through multiple stages for diverse purposes. Multi-stage compressors are used when a single-stage compressor can’t keep up with the desired pressure requirements. This is because a single-stage compressor, as mentioned above, has only one impeller.

The simple explanation regarding “how does a centrifugal compressor work?” would be that they transform the velocity and the kinetic energy in the diffuser into the pressure energy.

There is a rotating impeller inside centrifugal compressors that has radial blades and the center of this impeller receives the air that is pushed by centrifugal force toward the center.

Differences Between Axial Compressor & Centrifugal Compressor:

• Axial compressors are very expensive while centrifugal compressors are cheaper and have a wider operating range.
• The mass flow rate in centrifugal compressors is less than 15 Kg/s and in the axial compressors is very large (more than 100 Kg/s).
• Axial compressors operate more efficiently (about 94%) than centrifugal compressors (about 87%).

Differences Between Rotary & Reciprocating Compressors

• Efficiency

1. The efficiency of the rotary compressor is nearly 100%.
2. The efficiency of the reciprocating compressor is less than 100%.

References:

https://www.linquip.com/blog/the-differences-between-rotary-reciprocating-compressors/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor

https://www.linquip.com/blog/radial-compressor/

https://www.energy.gov/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/differences-between-axial-compressor-centrifugal/

https://www.ethosenergygroup.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/how-does-centrifugal-compressor-work/

https://www.britannica.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/types-of-centrifugal-compressor/

In this article, we will introduce several types of compressors and explain the differences between them. Stay with us.

First we introduce the Centrifugal Compressor and then we review the Centrifugal Compressor Work. We will also introduce the types of Centrifugal Compressor.

A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor.

Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe. 

Centrifugal compressors, sometimes called radial compressors, are a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work-absorbing turbomachinery.

Centrifugal compressors are considered as a dynamic compressor type that has a radial design.  These compressors work with a constant pressure unlike the ones working at a constant flow. Plus, any changes in the external conditions affect the performance.

Types of Centrifugal Compressor

Centrifugal Compressor generally consists of 2 categories:

• Single Stage Compressor
• Multi-Stage Compressor

Single-stage compressors are among the popular types of centrifugal compressors available on the market. This type has a single impeller for directing the air or other gases for its specific purpose. The single-stage compressor also contains a diffuser and connected guide vanes.

But what is axial compressor vs centrifugal compressor?

An axial compressor is a gas compressor that can continuously pressurize gases. It is a rotating, airfoil-based compressor in which the gas or working fluid principally flows parallel to the axis of rotation, or axially. 

Some of the differences between them are:

• Centrifugal compressors are easier to design and manufacture compared to axial compressors.
• Contrary to centrifugal compressors, axial flow compressors do not change the direction of the gas.

radial compressor

radial compressors is actually another name for Centrifugal compressors. A radial compressor contains radial blades on its rotating impeller and the air is drawn into the center of this unit. The centrifugal force pushed the air into the center. The air’s radial movement inside these compressors will raise the pressure, resulting in the generation of kinetic energy.

rotary compressor vs reciprocating compressor

A reciprocating compressor or piston compressor is a positive-displacement compressor that uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to deliver gases at high pressure.

• Size

1. The size of the rotary compressors is smaller than the reciprocating compressor for the same discharge.
2. The size of the reciprocating compressor is bulky and larger than the rotary compressor for the same discharge. 

read more

 The motor is one of the most important parts of electrical equipment. There are different types of engines and we have talked about them in previous articles. In this article, we will talk about Induction Motor and examine one of its types.

An induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. An induction motor can therefore be made without electrical connections to the rotor. An induction motor's rotor can be either wound type or squirrel-cage type.

based on the construction and starting method, the single-phase induction motor is categorized into the four types of Split Phase, Capacitor Start, Capacitor Start Capacitor Run, and Shaded Pole. In the following sections, we will elaborate on each of these types of single-phase induction motors.

A commutator is a rotary electrical switch in some motors that supplies current to the rotor. It consists of a cylinder composed of multiple metal contact segments on the rotating armature of the machine. Two or more electrical contacts called "brushes" made of a soft conductive material like carbon press against the commutator, making sliding contact with successive segments of the commutator as it rotates, supplying the current to the rotor. The windings on the rotor are connected to the commutator segments.

A commutator itself is a split rotary ring, typically made of copper, with each segment of the ring attached to each end of the armature coil that is used in some types of electric motors and electrical generators whose job is to periodically reverse the current direction between the rotor and the external circuit.

References:

https://www.linquip.com/blog/types-of-induction-motor/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motor

https://www.gm.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/single-phase-induction-motor/

https://www.ethosenergygroup.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/commutator-motors/

 In previous articles, we talked about the types of engines. In this article, we will introduce and review Single-Phase Induction Motor, Commutator Motors, and also Types of Induction Motor. Join us and read this article.

Induction motor

An induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding.

There are mainly two types of induction motor. This classification is based on what power supply induction motors are fed with. Single-phase induction motors and three-phase induction motors are the two main types of induction motors. 

One of the types of induction motors is single-phase induction motor. The two main components of the single-phase induction motor are the stator and rotor. As you may know and  perceive from the name, the Stator is the stationary part of this motor. On the other hand, the rotor is the rotating component of the motor. the single-phase alternating supply reaches to the stator winding. more information

Commutator Motors

An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of torque applied on the motor's shaft. Electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as a power grid, inverters or electrical generators. One of the types of electric motors is Commutator Motors.

As you may know, The operating principle of DC motors is on the basis of the mutual interaction between the magnetic field of an armature rotating and the magnetic field of a fixed stator. 

We are going to talk about Differences Between Motor and Engine. We will first define the engine.

 A motor capacitor, such as a start capacitor or run capacitor  is an electrical capacitor that alters the current to one or more windings of a single-phase alternating-current induction motor to create a rotating magnetic field.

“Motor” is originated in the Classical Latin movere, “to move.” It first mentioned the propulsive force, and later, to the person or system that moved something or caused the movement.

The word engine derives from Old French engin, from the Latin ingenium–the root of the word ingenious. Pre-industrial weapons of war, such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams, were called siege engines, and knowledge of how to construct them was often treated as a military secret. The word gin, as in cotton gin, is short for engine. “Engine” is from the Latin root: mental powers, character, intellect, talent, or cleverness. 

A Capacitor Start Motors is a single phase Induction Motor that employs a capacitor in the auxiliary winding circuit to produce a greater phase difference between the current in the main and the auxiliary windings.

The permanent magnet synchronous motors working principle is similar to the synchronous motor. The principle of operation is based on the interaction of the rotating magnetic field of the stator and the constant magnetic field of the rotor. It depends on the rotating magnetic field that generates electromotive force at synchronous speed. 

You can get more information about engines by reading the following links.

References:

https://www.linquip.com/blog/what-is-capacitor-start-induction-motor/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_capacitor

https://www.energy.gov/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/differences-between-motor-and-engine/

https://www.gm.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/permanent-magnet-synchronous-motors/

 In this post, we want to talk about Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors and Capacitor Start Induction Motor. After introducing and reviewing each, we will examine the difference between motor and engine.

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

First, we define the synchronous motor. A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which, at steady state, the rotation of the shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the supply current; the rotation period is exactly equal to an integral number of AC cycles. 

The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is an AC synchronous motor whose field excitation is provided by permanent magnets. The permanent magnet synchronous motors are very efficient, brushless, very fast, safe, and give a high dynamic performance. Due to their advantages, permanent synchronous motors have many applications and find use in several fields.

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is brushless and has very high reliability and efficiency. Due to its permanent magnet rotor, it also has a high torque with a small frame size and no rotor current. 

Capacitor Start Induction Motor

A motor capacitor, such as a start capacitor or run capacitor (including a dual run capacitor)is an electrical capacitor that alters the current to one or more windings of a single-phase alternating-current induction motor to create a rotating magnetic field.

A Capacitor Start Motors is a single phase Induction Motor that employs a capacitor in the auxiliary winding circuit to produce a greater phase difference between the current in the main and the auxiliary windings. The capacitor start motor has a cage rotor and has two windings on the stator. They are known as the main winding and the auxiliary or the starting winding.

Differences Between Motor and Engine

By Wikipedia definition:An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy.

But what is the difference between motor and engine?

Motor” is originated in the Classical Latin movere, “to move.” It first mentioned the propulsive force, and later, to the person or system that moved something or caused the movement. 

“Engine” is from the Latin root: mental powers, character, intellect, talent, or cleverness. In its journey through the French language and into English, the term came to mean contrivance, ingenuity, and trick or malice. “

A plate heat exchanger is used to transfer heat energy from one fluid to another. These fluids never encounter each other due to being separated by the heat exchanger.

A plate heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger that uses metal plates to transfer heat between two fluids. This has a major advantage over a conventional heat exchanger in that the fluids are exposed to a much larger surface area because the fluids are spread out over the plates.

Different types of plate heat exchanger have many potential applications. This includes pasteurizers, beverage processing, connectors between chillers, boilers, and cooling towers, and other process engineering applications. The plates are often spaced by rubber sealing gaskets which are cemented into a section around the edge of the plates. The plates are pressed to form troughs at right angles to the direction of flow of the liquid which runs through the channels in the heat exchanger. 

The corrugation on the plates drives the fluid on a tortuous path, creating a distance from 1 to 5 millimeters between two adjacent plates.

The fluids can pass through the channels in series (a less common solution) or parallel by making counter-flow configurations.

A heat exchanger is a system used to transfer heat between two or more fluids. Heat exchangers are used in both cooling and heating processes.

Heat transfer to highly viscous or sticky materials is needed in certain applications. A scraped surface heat exchanger is the best option for providing efficient heat transfer in such applications because the scraping blades prevent the product from accumulating on the internal surfaces.

Reference:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger#Dynamic_scraped_surface_heat_exchanger

https://www.linquip.com/blog/plate-heat-exchanger/

https://www.youtube.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/types-of-plate-heat-exchanger/

https://www.britannica.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/working-principle-plate-heat-exchanger/

https://www.kawasaki.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/scraped-surface-heat-exchanger/

In this article, we are going to talk about Surface Heat Exchanger and Plate Heat Exchanger. First, we give a brief definition of both, then we examine the types and components of each and how each works. Read this article to the end. 

Plate Heat Exchanger

As defined by Wikipedia: A plate heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger that uses metal plates to transfer heat between two fluids. This has a major advantage over a conventional heat exchanger in that the fluids are exposed to a much larger surface area because the fluids are spread out over the plates. This facilitates the transfer of heat, and greatly increases the speed of the temperature change. A plate exchanger consists of a series of parallel plates that are placed one above the other so as to allow the formation of a series of channels for fluids to flow between them. Read more

Types of Plate Heat Exchanger

Double pipe heat exchangers are the simplest exchangers used in industries. On one hand, these heat exchangers are cheap for both design and maintenance, making them a good choice for small industries. On the other hand, their low efficiency coupled with the high space occupied in large scales has led modern industries to use more efficient heat exchangers like shell and tube or plate. Different types of plate heat exchanger have many potential applications. This includes pasteurizers, beverage processing, connectors between chillers, boilers, and cooling towers, and other process engineering applications.

working principle of plate heat exchanger

A plate heat exchanger comprises a series of parallel plates placed one above the other to form a series of channels for the flow of fluids between them. The space between two neighboring plates forms the channel through which the fluid flows. 

scraped surface heat exchanger

Another type of heat exchanger is called "scraped surface heat exchanger". This is mainly used for heating or cooling with high-viscosity products, crystallization processes, evaporation and high-fouling applications. Long running times are achieved due to the continuous scraping of the surface, thus avoiding fouling and achieving a sustainable heat transfer rate during the process.

Scraped surface heat exchanger is made up of a jacketed cylinder with a spinning dasher that holds rows of scraper blades. When the product is being pumped into the cylinder, the heating or cooling medium is being circulated between the cylinder and the jacket. Steam, vapor, or a refrigerant such as ammonia or freon may be used as the medium.

 Many heat exchangers are U-shaped to maximize tube surface and heat exchange in a confined room. A u-tube heat exchanger or let’s say a u-tube configuration also makes it simple to enter the package.

There are three primary classifications of heat exchangers according to their flow arrangement. In parallel-flow heat exchangers, the two fluids enter the exchanger at the same end, and travel in parallel to one another to the other side.

One of the most significant advantages of the straight tube heat exchanger is its simplicity. Straight tube exchanger is also common because of its flexibility. Straight tube exchanger allows for pure countercurrent flow within the exchanger without the need for a second one to be connected in series to the first. 

About System Boiler

In a fossil fuel power plant using a steam cycle for power generation, the primary heat source will be the combustion of coal, oil, or natural gas. In some cases byproduct fuel such as the carbon monoxide-rich off-gasses of a coke battery can be burned to heat a boiler; biofuels such as bagasse, where economically available, can also be used. In a nuclear power plant, boilers called steam generators are heated by the heat produced by nuclear fission. 

Several factors should be taken into account when choosing the correct boiler. If you’re replacing an old boiler in your new home or buying one for the first time, the following considerations will help you choose the best boiler for your needs. It’s important to remember that only a professional and knowledgeable gas engineer will advise you on the appropriate boiler for your home and requirements.

References:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger

https://www.siemens.com/global/en.html

https://www.linquip.com/blog/what-is-u-tube-heat-exchanger/

https://www.britannica.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/the-10-best-system-boilers-of-2021-2/

https://www.ethosenergygroup.com/

 In this article, we will talk about boilers and heat exchangers. Then we will examine one of the types of boilers.

Heat Exchanger

Definition: A heat exchanger is a system used to transfer heat between two or more fluids. Heat exchangers are used in both cooling and heating processes.

Another example is the heat sink, which is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical device to a fluid medium, often air or a liquid coolant.

U-tube heat exchanger is a form of tube and shell heat exchanger that is used in petroleum and chemical machinery. The tube box, casing, and tube buddle are the key components of a u-tube heat exchanger. Furthermore, drying is simple following the hydro test of the u-tube heat exchanger. read more

Boiler

Definition: A boiler is a closed vessel in which fluid (generally water) is heated. The fluid does not necessarily boil. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications, including water heating, central heating, boiler-based power generation, cooking, and sanitation.

System boiler: A system boiler, like a traditional boiler, requires a hot water storage tank but not a water container. This is due to the fact that the system’s main components, such as the expansion vessel and pump, are pre-assembled. System boilers are typically easier to maintain because they do not need a tank, eliminating the risk of leaks or damage. A machine boiler can be appropriate if you don’t have enough space for a tank but have several bathrooms.

 In the previous article we talked about Thermal Expansion Valves, Steam Condenser and Thermal Insulation. In this article we will talk about their types and different parts.

Steam Condenser

The purpose of using a steam condenser is:

helping keep the pressure low (below atmospheric pressure) at the steam turbine end to get maximum possible energy and reduce the specific steam consumption of a power plant.

supplying pure feed water to and from the hot well. The water is again pumped to the boiler using a boiler feed pump.

The steam turbine itself is a device to convert the heat in steam to mechanical power. The difference between the heat of steam per unit mass at the inlet to the turbine and the heat of steam per unit mass at the outlet from the turbine represents the heat which is converted to mechanical power.

Thermal Expansion Valves

Inside the Thermal expansion valve, you will typically find the following main components:

The valve body: It holds the components and has an orifice inside to restrict the flow of refrigerant

The diaphragm: It is a strong, thin flexible material, typically metal, which can flex to apply pressure to the pin.

There are two main types of thermal expansion valves: internally or externally equalized. The difference between externally and internally equalized valves is how the evaporator pressure affects the position of the needle. In internally equalized valves, the evaporator pressure against the diaphragm is the pressure at the inlet of the evaporator, whereas, in externally equalized valves, the evaporator pressure against the diaphragm is the pressure at the outlet of the evaporator.

Thermal Insulation

We have plenty of cheap and common insulation materials ready to buy on the market now. Many of them have been nearby for quite some time. All of these insulation elements have their ups and downs, and when deciding about the type of insulation material you need, it is better to be certain and aware of the material type that would work the best in your application.

The insulating capability of a material is measured as the inverse of thermal conductivity (k). Low thermal conductivity is equivalent to high insulating capability (resistance value). In thermal engineering, other important properties of insulating materials are product density (ρ) and specific heat capacity (c).

Refrences:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_condenser

https://www.linquip.com/blog/thermal-insulation/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve

https://www.ethosenergygroup.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/thermal-expansion-valves-everything-you-need/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_insulation

https://www.energy.gov/

 In this post, we will talk to you about 3 important industrial parts. Thermal Expansion Valves, Thermal Insulation and Steam Condenser. Each of these components has important functions. Join us to talk about each in detail.

Steam condenser

Steam condenser is a commonly used term for a water-cooled shell and tube heat exchanger installed to condense exhaust steam from a steam turbine in thermal power stations.The pressure within a steam condenser is held below the atmospheric pressure to enhance efficiency. more information

Thermal expansion valves

A thermal expansion valve or thermostatic expansion valve  is a component in vapor-compression refrigeration and air conditioning systems that controls the amount of refrigerant released into the evaporator and is intended to regulate the superheat of the refrigerant that flows out of the evaporator to a steady value. When the load on the evaporator increases, it causes the liquid refrigerant to boil faster in the evaporator coil. Since the feeler bulb is installed on the suction line, therefore it is at the same temperature as the refrigerant at that point. Read more

Thermal Insulation

Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence. Thermal insulation can be achieved with specially engineered methods or processes, as well as with suitable object shapes and materials.

It is essential to know how heat is transferred in the environment and devices. Heat is transferred by convection, conduction, or radiation, or by a mixed process of all three. Heat continually moves from warmer to colder zones as it seeks a balance. Suppose an insulated container’s interior is colder than the outside air.

A distribution transformer or service transformer is a transformer that provides the final voltage transformation in the electric power distribution system, stepping down the voltage used in the distribution lines to the level used by the customer. The invention of a practical efficient transformer made AC power distribution feasible; a system using distribution transformers was demonstrated as early as 1882.

Current transformers, along with voltage or potential transformers, are instrument transformers. Instrument transformers scale the large values of voltage or current to small, standardized values that are easy to handle for measuring instruments and protective relays. The instrument transformers isolate measurement or protection circuits from the high voltage of the primary system.

A single phase transformer is an electrical instrument that uses single-phase AC input and provides single-phase AC. This is employed in the distribution of energy in non-urban regions as the overall demand and prices involved are lower than the 3-phase type of transformers. They are utilized as a step-down device to reduce the home voltage to an appropriate amount without a variation in frequency.

Distribution transformers are normally located at a service drop, where wires run from a utility pole or underground power lines to a customer's premises. They are often used for the power supply of facilities outside settlements, such as isolated houses, farmyards or pumping stations at voltages below 30 kV. Another application is the power supply of the overhead wire of railways electrified with AC. In this case single phase distribution transformers are used. 

You can find more information about Transformers in the following links.

Refrences:

https://www.gm.com/

https://www.ethosenergygroup.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/what-is-a-distribution-transformer/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_transformer

https://www.linquip.com/blog/what-is-a-single-phase-transformer/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_transformer

https://www.linquip.com/blog/what-is-the-current-transformer/

https://www.kawasaki.com/en-us?lo=google_search_2021ttrg_various_brand&cm_mmc=google-_-2021ttrg_various-_-search-_-homepage_brand&gclid=CjwKCAjwlYCHBhAQEiwA4K21m1dPcJ2c5GHFXHZh6iBdbUXfEbeHzukEqoVSObMbw9kXzQD28Mt1HRoC9BEQAvD_BwE

 We have talked about transformers in previous articles. In this article, we are going to talk about current transformer, distribution transformer and single phase transformer. Stay with us.

Distribution transformer

A distribution transformer or service transformer is a transformer that provides the final voltage transformation in the electric power distribution system, stepping down the voltage used in the distribution lines to the level used by the customer.

Normally, a distribution transformer level is less than 200MVA, while some national norms can allow for ratings up to 5000 MVA to be known as distribution transformers. If the level is more than 200MVA (or 5000MVA in some regions), it’s introduced as a power transformer.

current transformer

A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is used to reduce or multiply an alternating current (AC). It produces a current in its secondary which is proportional to the current in its primary.

Based on this form of configuration, the current transformer is always introduced as a “series transformer” as the primary section, which never has more than a very few turns, is in series form with the current-carrying conductor providing a load. read more in this link

Single Phase Transformer

A single-phase load may be powered from a three-phase distribution transformer in two ways: by connection between one phase and neutral or by connection between two phases. These two give different voltages from a given supply. For example, on a 120/208 three-phase system, which is common in North America, the phase-to-neutral voltage is 120 volts and the phase-to-phase voltage is 208 volts. This allows single-phase lighting to be connected phase-to-neutral and three-phase motors to be connected to all three phases. This eliminates the need of a separate single phase transformer.A transformer is an instrument that transforms magnetic power into an electrical type. It has two electrical sections introduced as the primary and secondary windings. The primary section of the device receives power, whereas the secondary winding delivers energy. A magnetic iron circuit introduced as the “core” is typically used to wrap around these sections. more information

 A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit or multiple circuits. A varying current in any one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force across any other coils wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils without a metallic (conductive) connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction, discovered in 1831, describes the induced voltage effect in any coil due to a changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil.

The working principle of a current transformer is somewhat different when measuring it with a standard voltage type of transformer. It contains two windings similar to the normal voltage transformer. Whenever AC provides throughout the primary section, then alternating magnetic flux can be produced, then AC will be stimulated across the secondary section.

Any transformer fundamentally includes a core and two windings. The two windings are introduced as primary and secondary sections. A step-up transformer converts a high-current, low-voltage input to a low-current, high-voltage output applying the principles of magnetic induction. The alternating electric flux in the primary section produces a varying magnetic field in the core.

It should be noted that a transformer is a reversible machine so that it can be employed as both a step-up and step-down transformer. For instance, if the circuit requires a high voltage, we would connect the HV terminals to the system, whereas the circuit or load needs a low voltage, we would connect the LV terminals to the system.

Once the output (secondary) value is higher than its input (primary) value, it is called a step-up transformer, whereas the output (secondary) voltage is less in the step-down transformer.

In a step-up type, the low voltage section is the primary side, and the high voltage section is the secondary side, whereas the low voltage winding is the secondary side in the step down transformer.

Read more in this References.

References:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer

https://www.linquip.com/blog/current-transformer-types-applications/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/what-is-step-up-transformer/

https://www.siemens.com/global/en.html

https://youtube.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/step-down-transforme/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/difference-between-step-up-and-step-down-transformer/

A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit or multiple circuits. A varying current in any one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force across any other coils wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils without a metallic (conductive) connection between the two circuits.

But what are the current transformer types?

Current transformers types are several in the market. 

• Bushing Current Transformer
• Indoor Current Transformer
• Outdoor Current Transformers

The two most important types of transformers are Step Up and Step-Down.

What is the difference between step up and step down transformer? We first introduce each and then examine the differences between them.

A Step-up Transformer is a machine that converts the low primary voltage to a high secondary voltage and steps up the input voltage. On the other hand, a step-down transformer steps down the input voltage. We have a lower secondary voltage compared to the primary voltage.

We have a lesser secondary voltage in a step-down transformer than the original voltage because of the fewer turns in the secondary winding. Therefore, this type of transformer is used to decrease the voltage to designed levels for the circuit. Almost most of the power supplies have the step-down transformer to hold the circuit running range to defined safer voltage limits.

The main difference between step up and step down transformer is that the step up type improves the output value, while the step down type reduces that value. 

 Renewable resources are resources that can be reused and never run out. Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources and solar energy is renewable energy. But is gold renewable or non-renewable?

Does the solar battery that stores solar energy work at night or has a time limit?

A solar panel, or photo-voltaic (PV) module, is an assembly of photo-voltaic cells mounted in a framework for installation.

In 1839, the ability of some materials to create an electrical charge from light exposure was first observed by Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel. Though the premiere solar panels were too inefficient for even simple electric devices they were used as an instrument to measure light. The observation by Becquerel has not replicated again until 1873 when Willoughby Smith discovered that the charge could be caused by light hitting selenium. Now, most solar panel systems attach to the grid and combine net metering where it’s available. Also, installing battery storage is rising increasingly. These two indirect methods can work together at night to increase your energy security and decrease electric bills.

Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia (a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid), which forms a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid, which dissolves silver and base metals, a property that has long been used to refine gold and to confirm the presence of gold in metallic substances, giving rise to the term acid test. Gold also dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide, which are used in mining and electroplating. Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, and as the gold acts simply as a solute this is not a chemical reaction.Because the processes forming ores happen on geologic time scales, the most economical mineral resources are truly nonrenewable. New deposits cannot be formed in human timescales. But, as mentioned earlier, if the reserves of materials become depleted, it is probable to find other sources that are more expensive to exploit. Moreover, mineral resources are not equally distributed.

Today’s climate challenges and fossil fuel risks affect our neighborhoods, our lifestyle, and the earth. Solar battery storage is going to be the apparent energy solution for emergencies and nighttime.

References:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel

https://www.siemens.com/global/en.html

https://www.linquip.com/blog/do-solar-panels-work-at-night/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold

https://www.linquip.com/blog/is-gold-renewable-or-nonrenewable/

 Solar energy is one of the useful and renewable resources and does not harm the environment. Solar energy is stored using a solar panel and converted into electrical energy. The important point is whether the do solar panels work at night? Join us to find this answer.

A solar panel, or photo-voltaic (PV) module, is an assembly of photo-voltaic cells mounted in a framework for installation. Solar panels use sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity. A collection of PV modules is called a PV panel, and a system of panels is an array. Arrays of a photovoltaic system supply solar electricity to electrical equipment.

According to the facts, No! Solar panel does not generate energy at nights. Solar panels consist of photovoltaic cells that must have sunlight to produce electricity. However, that’s not the last word. Solar panels give two indirect nighttime energy answers.

Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from Latin: aurum) and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. In a pure form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions.

Gold is a very valuable and expensive metal that is mined. Is Gold Renewable or Nonrenewable? Join us to find the answer.

Mining companies expect the amount of gold that remains in the ground in two ways:

Reserves – gold that is economical to mine at the current gold value

Resources – gold that will probably become economic to mine after further investigation or at a costlier price level.

We can measure the number of gold reserves more accurately than resources, but this is still not a simple task.

 In this article, we will briefly introduce 4 types of gearboxes. Helical Gearbox,  Bevel Gears, Worm Gearbox, Planetary Gearbox.

Helical Gearbox 

A gear is a rotating circular machine part having cut teeth or, in the case of a cogwheel or gearwheel, inserted teeth (called cogs), which mesh with another toothed part to transmit torque. A gear may also be known informally as a cog. Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and direction of a power source. Gears of different sizes produce a change in torque, creating a mechanical advantage, through their gear ratio, and thus may be considered a simple machine. The rotational speeds, and the torques, of two meshing gears differ in proportion to their diameters. The teeth on the two meshing gears all have the same shape. Helical gears are power transmission instruments primarily utilized to reduce speed and increase torque between turning shafts. Fundamentally, they can be divided into two forms, those that transmit energy between parallel parts and those that transfer power between non-parallel components, typically introduced as cross-axis gears.

Bevel Gears

The cylindrical gear tooth profile corresponds to an involute , whereas the bevel gear tooth profile is an octoid. All traditional bevel gear generators manufacture bevel gears with an octoidal tooth profile. IMPORTANT: For 5-axis milled bevel gear sets it is important to choose the same calculation/layout as the conventional manufacturing method.

In general, we have 3 categories of Bevel Gears: one of which we will explain here.

• Bevel gears are employed in differential drives, which can transfer energy to two axles rotating at different velocities, such as those on a cornering automobile.

Worm Gearbox

A worm drive is a gear arrangement in which a worm (which is a gear in the form of a screw) meshes with a worm wheel (which is similar in appearance to a spur gear). The two elements are also called the worm screw and worm gear. The terminology is often confused by imprecise use of the term worm gear to refer to the worm, the worm wheel, or the worm drive as a unit.

For applications that need higher speed, a worm gearbox can be employed. Some of the applications of a worm gearbox are:

• Mining
• Presses
• Rolling mills
• Escalator/ Elevator Drive systems

Planetary Gearbox

An epicyclic gear train (also known as a planetary gearset) consists of two gears mounted so that the center of one gear revolves around the center of the other. A carrier connects the centers of the two gears and rotates to carry one gear, called the planet gear or planet pinion, around the other, called the sun gear or sun wheel.

The planetary gearbox got its term because of how the various gears move in a set together. We see a satellite (ring) gear, a sun (solar) gear, and two or more planet gears in a planetary gearbox. The sun-gear is normally run and thus move the planet gears bolted in the planet carrier and form the output shaft. The satellite gears have a constant location in relation to the outside components.

More information in the following references

References:

https://www.linquip.com/blog/what-is-helical-gearbox/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear

https://www.linquip.com/blog/types-of-bevel-gears/

https://www.siemens.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/what-is-planetary-gearbox/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevel_gear

https://www.linquip.com/blog/worm-gearbox-working-principle/

 In this article, we are going to talk about the gearbox. To begin with, it is better to know what a gearbox is and what it does.

The gearbox includes a power supply and a power transmission system that provide a specific application of power. The Maryam Webster Dictionary defines transmission as a set of components that include gearshift gears and bolts by which power is transmitted from the motor to an axle under load.

In the following, we will introduce and review four types of gearboxes.

Worm Gearbox

A worm gear is a gear including a shaft with a spiral section that engages with and runs a toothed wheel. Worm gears are a traditional form of gear and a sort of one of the six simple machines. Fundamentally, a worm gear is a screw butted up in front of what looks like a normal spur gear with slightly curved and angled teeth.

The most common use is in motor vehicles , where the transmission adapts the output of the internal combustion engine to the drive wheels. Such engines need to operate at a relatively high rotational speed, which is inappropriate for starting, stopping, and slower travel. 

What is Planetary Gearbox?

A planetary gearbox is an instrument with the output and input shafts aligned. A planetary gearbox is employed to transmit the greatest torque in the most compact form (introduced as the torque density).

An epicyclic gear train (also known as a planetary gearset) consists of two gears mounted so that the center of one gear revolves around the center of the other. A carrier connects the centers of the two gears and rotates to carry one gear, called the planet gear or planet pinion, around the other, called the sun gear or sun wheel. The planet and sun gears mesh so that their pitch circles roll without slip. A point on the pitch circle of the planet gear traces an epicycloid curve. In this simplified case, the sun gear is fixed and the planetary gear(s) roll around the sun gear.

Everything about Helical Gearbox

Helical gearboxes are one of the most widely employed gearboxes and they are more effective than any other gearbox. Their configuration facilitates many performances.

Two or more meshing gears, working in a sequence, are called a gear train or a transmission. The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a crossed, belt pulley system. An advantage of gears is that the teeth of a gear prevent slippage. 

Bevel Gear

Now you will introduce Bevel Gear and Types of Bevel Gear :

Bevel gears are gears where the axes of the two shafts intersect and the tooth-bearing faces of the gears themselves are conically shaped. Bevel gears are most often mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other angles as well.The pitch surface of bevel gears is a cone.

Bevel gears are categorized in different forms according.

In this article, we are going to introduce a gas turbine. We will also examine the Gas Turbine Cycles and its different types.

What is Gas Turbine: 

Which cycle is used for gas turbine?

The basic operation of this turbine type has roots in the gas turbine cycle which is also known as the Brayton cycle. The gas turbine cycle works like this:

Though this cycle is not ideal for open circle gas turbines, it’s still used for them with a small change in the steps. They are perfect for the closed-cycle gas turbine. This cycle contains four steps:

*Isentropic compression in the compressor

read more

A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of continuous and internal combustion engine. The main elements common to all gas turbine engines are:

an upstream rotating gas compressor

a combustor

a downstream turbine on the same shaft as the compressor.

The first gas turbine type was turbojet engines. Although they look entirely different from reciprocal engines, they operate on the same principle: intake, compression, power and exhaust. In this type of engine, air is moved at a high speed to the fuel inlet and ignitor of the combustion chamber. The turbine induces accelerated exhaust gases by expanding air Click here to read more about different types of gas turbine.

Refrences:

https://www.linquip.com/blog/gas-turbine-type-applications/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine

https://www.linquip.com/blog/gas-turbine-cycle/

https://www.siemens-energy.com/global/en/news/magazine/2020/low-vibration-turbine-blades.html

Each year there are many death reports caused by respiratory and lung disease which are estimated that their main reason is previous lung exposures at works. knowing that their lungs are at risk in worksites, some workers and staff don’t pay enough attention to protections. the main reason why workers are sometimes indifferent to the health of their lungs in the workplace is that the hazard of respiratory disease is not often visible to see and consequences may not be apparent immediately. Sometimes symptoms take years to be revealed. There are a couple of things that employers can do to protect their workers’ lungs against airborne particles produced in the work environment. These particles can seriously affect workers’ health. One of the most easy-to-do solutions to protect workers’ lungs from exposure to harmful dust and fumes in the workplace is wearing disposable respirators or disposable masks.

Disposable Masks

One of the most frequent usages of disposable masks is in industries and different workplaces. Disposable respirators are masks mostly designed cup-shaped to be worn over nose and mouth. These masks are held on the face by straps running behind the head. Wearing disposable masks can prevent harmful substances produced from any working activity, from entering the lungs. By wearing these masks, workers, and staff greatly protect their lungs from possible damages. Good to know that most of these masks will only provide a certain level of protection, and protect against only some potential respiratory dangers. There are many different types of industrial masks and the most considerable thing one should think of is the protection level of the mask.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks have been employed as a public and personal health control measure against the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Their use is intended as personal protection to prevent infection and as source control to limit transmission of the virus in a community or healthcare setting. The use of masks has received varying recommendations from different public health agencies and governments. The World Health Organization and other public health organisations agree that masks can limit the spread of respiratory viral diseases such as COVID-19. However, the topic has been a subject of debate, with some public health agencies and governments initially disagreeing on a protocol for wearing face masks.

Choosing an industrial mask mostly depends on the element and substances may be present in the air of the working environment. Some provide a limited level of protection while others may protect lungs from most of the threatening hazards. Now that we have to live in a world infected with the Coronavirus COVID-19, wearing masks can be like achieving two aims with one action which covers a recommendation and a world obligation.

Click here for more information about Disposable Respirator.You can also visit the Wikipedia website.

Energy efficiency can be improved even more in central heating systems by introducing zoned heating. This allows a more granular application of heat, similar to non-central heating systems. Zones are controlled by multiple thermostats. In water heating systems the thermostats control zone valves, and in forced air systems they control zone dampers inside the vents which selectively block the flow of air. In this case, the control system is very critical to maintaining a proper temperature.

HVAC maintenance is an indispensable part of owning an HVAC system. Well, these systems are composed of multiple mechanical and electrical components as well as the means to connect these components to each other in order to create the system, and therefore, it is clear that maintenance would be crucial for them to keep their performance at desired levels, as well as lowering heating and cooling repair or retrofit costs.

All modern air conditioning systems, even small window package units, are equipped with internal air filters. These are generally of a lightweight gauze-like material, and must be replaced or washed as conditions warrant. For example, a building in a high dust environment, or a home with furry pets, will need to have the filters changed more often than buildings without these dirt loads. Failure to replace these filters as needed will contribute to a lower heat exchange rate, resulting in wasted energy, shortened equipment life, and higher energy bills; low air flow can result in iced-over evaporator coils, which can completely stop air flow. Additionally, very dirty or plugged filters can cause overheating during a heating cycle, and can result in damage to the system or even fire.

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer. 

In the past, water heating was more efficient for heating buildings and was the standard in the United States. Today, forced air systems can double for air conditioning and are more popular.

Some benefits of forced air systems, which are now widely used in churches, schools and high-end residences, are

• Better air conditioning effects
• Energy savings of up to 15-20%
• Even conditioning

In general, heating and cooling repair costs range between $150 to $450 on average. The heating and cooling repair cost is mostly on the AC service and then on the furnace service. Diagnostic tests could cost about $80 to $100. The average cost for AC service is about $320, and $270 for furnace services. Should your system require any tune-ups, they could cost between $80 to $120.

In order to avoid replacement and heating and cooling repair costs for the components of the HVAC system, some preventive precautions could be taken. This would help save money for the users of the HVAC system, keep the system’s reliability at desired levels, and also provide high quality air and comfort for the system users consistently.

You can click here for more information.

References:

https://www.linquip.com/blog/hvac-maintenance-hvac-service-checklist/

https://en.wikipedia.org/

• Lithium Solar Batteries

This item is among the best solar batteries available. Lithium Solar Batteries are a great option with a really low maintenance need and they can cycle almost all of their rated capacity. That’s why they’re great intermittent and full-time use in demanding solar storage applications.

Storage for the home

One of the Bosch products to be seen at the worlds leading exhibition for the solar industry and its partners is Bosch Power Tecs BPT-S 5 Hybrid. The size of a refrigerator, this electricity storage system is suited to home use, storing the electricity a photovoltaic system generates during the day so that a family can draw it down when the sun is not shining any longer. The BPT-S 5 Hybrid is available with a basic storage capacity of 4.4 kWh, which can be expanded as required in modular steps of 2.2 kWh up to a maximum of 13.2 kWh. The BPT-S 5 Hybrid is the worlds only PV storage system to have received security certification for all components of the system from an independent institute. This satisfies the highest international safety standards. Bosch Power Tec has already amassed 200,000 hours of experience with its electricity storage systems.

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon.It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Individual solar cell devices are often the electical building blocks of photovoltaic modules, known colloquially as solar panels. The common single junction silicon solar cell can produce a maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts.

• Solar Power Battery Bank

The second item is the Solar Power Battery Bank. It is cost-effective and can withstand low temperatures. Just like Lithium Solar Batteries, this type also has very low maintenance needs. But keep in mind that they are not suitable for applications that require frequent cycling since they store less energy. Don’t forget that they should be stores in a ventilated and dry place and away from any heat sources.

You can refer to this link to get more information about solar batteries suitable for residential and office buildings.

References:

https://www.linquip.com/blog/best-solar-batteries/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell

https://www.bosch-presse.de/pressportal/de/en/bosch-batteries-store-wind-and-solar-power-42225.html

A control valve is a valve used to control fluid flow by varying the size of the flow passage as directed by a signal from a controller. This enables the direct control of flow rate and the consequential control of process quantities such as pressure, temperature, and liquid level.

The final goal of different control valve types

The final control element or the control valve can convert the control signal of the controller with the help of a pneumatic device and regulate the fluid flow in the system. They can be used for different liquids, gasses, steam, air, etc.

benefits of Pressure independent control valves:

• Optimized performance for greater energy savings
• Longer reliability due to fewer repositions
• Smaller footprint
• Easy installation and fast commissioning -- fewer components to install and simplified balancing for greater cost savings
• System expansions do not require re-balancing of existing system
• Greater controllability and precision due to flow limiter being independent of the stroke of the valve 
• Simplified valve sizing

click here

What are Control Valves?

Control Valves have been designed to control and regulate pressure and flow rate. They can automatically do the job and eliminate the need for you to constantly keep an eye on the system. You can choose the correct control valve for the specific desired pressure. It’s interesting to know that Control Valves are also known as the final control element in automatic control terminology which is due to the process control valves operate within their system.

The opening or closing of automatic control valves is usually done by electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic actuators. Normally with a modulating valve, which can be set to any position between fully open and fully closed, valve positioners are used to ensure the valve attains the desired degree of opening. see more

The main goals of different control valve parts:

1. Controlling the flow direction
2. Relieve the system from specific pressures
3. Increase or decrease the flow
4. Turn the flow on or off
5. Regulating the flow or process pressure

Pressure independent control valves (PICVs) improve system performance and optimize delta-T resulting in less pumping energy and contributing to more efficient loading of boilers and chillers. Siemens pressure independent control valves integrate three functions into a single device: control valve, adjustable flow limiter, and automatic pressure regulator. The automatic pressure regulator dynamically balances the circuit by maintaining a consistent flow through the valve when differential pressure changes. Siemens pressure independent control valves have the unique advantage of always maintaining their full stroke, regardless of the maximum adjustable flow setting, to provide better control. This significantly reduces or eliminates hunting for the right actuator setting, resulting in better control and increased comfort. Siemens PICVs help prolong maintenance and preserve the life of HVAC equipment, enhance room comfort, and optimize energy efficiency.

more information

Refrences:

https://www.linquip.com/blog/control-valves-101-guide-to-understand/

Wikipedia

Siemens

AC motor is an abbreviation for Alternating Current motors invented by Nicola Tesla to transform energy from electrical into mechanical type just like DC motors (Directional Current motor).
AC motors may be found in fans, hairdryers, clocks, washing machines, and many other applicants providing services in offices, factories, businesses, etc.

The two main types of AC motors are induction motor and synchronous motors. The induction motor (or asynchronous motor) always relies on a small difference in speed between the stator rotating magnetic field and the rotor shaft speed called slip to induce rotor current in the rotor AC winding. As a result, the induction motor cannot produce torque near synchronous speed where induction (or slip) is irrelevant or ceases to exist. In contrast, the synchronous motor does not rely on slip-induction for operation and uses either permanent magnets, salient poles (having projecting magnetic poles), or an independently excited rotor winding. The synchronous motor produces its rated torque at exactly synchronous speed. The brushless wound-rotor doubly fed synchronous motor system has an independently excited rotor winding that does not rely on the principles of slip-induction of current. The brushless wound-rotor doubly fed motor is a synchronous motor that can function exactly at the supply frequency or sub to super multiple of the supply frequency.

Other types of motors include eddy current motors, and AC and DC mechanically commutated machines in which speed is dependent on voltage and winding connection. see more

DC Motors

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current in part of the motor.

Some of the most popular designs for DC motors are Permanent magnet, Brushless, Shunt, Series, and Compound wound or stabilized shunt. The DC motor parts are normally the same within these different designs and the overall operation is similar. How it operates is that a conductor, carrying the current is implanted in a magnetic field, and the power applied through the conductors enable the rotation of the motor. The generation of electromagnetic fields and its place, whether it be in the rotor or stator, is the reason these designs differ from each other.click here

The difference between AC and DC generators: Use and Maintenance

The output voltage produced by AC generators is called alternators. The normal frequency of alternators is 60Hz for America, Europe, and Japan. This output voltage differs in time and amplitude. DC generators produce a steady output voltage, suitable to power large motors. While DC generators are mainly used to supply power for large motors, AC generators are used for smaller ones. You can power your electrical appliances at home with the help of AC like food mixers, electrical fixtures, etc.

As the world’s leading provider of large motors, Siemens Norwood, OH AboveNEMA motor facility is celebrating over 120 Years with global service and support that includes over 100 patents. Siemens offers a complete line of large AC 3-phase induction motors from its ISO-9001 Certified plant. Motors range from horizontal AC induction motors up to 22,000 horsepower and voltage ranges from 460 to 13,200 volts – to large AC vertical motors up to 8,000 HP.

more information

DC Genertor

Parts of dc generator can be said to play a significant role within such kind of generator. Like any machine, a dc generator consists of different parts. It is an electrical instrument that transforms mechanical energy into electricity. The working principle, different types as well as pros and cons will be discussed next to parts of dc generator in detail, at Linquip.

If external mechanical power is applied to a DC motor it acts as a DC generator, a dynamo. This feature is used to slow down and recharge batteries on hybrid and electric cars or to return electricity back to the electric grid used on a street car or electric powered train line when they slow down. This process is called regenerative braking on hybrid and electric cars. In diesel electric locomotives they also use their DC motors as generators to slow down but dissipate the energy in resistor stacks. Newer designs are adding large battery packs to recapture some of this energy.

more information in : https://www.linquip.com/blog/parts-of-dc-generator-explanation-working/

A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or, in the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers, rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature.

The crossflow cooling tower belongs to the family of mechanical drift cooling towers in which the upward flow of the air cools down the hot water raining down from the hot water basin at the top onto the cold water water basin at the bottom. see more

The Counterflow Cooling Tower

The counterflow cooling tower is a type of cooling tower designs that offers the maximum thermal performance for its area of occupation. The fill media is horizontally installed beneath the hot water distribution basin, and the cooling process is carried out as the air passes through the fill absorbing the heat from the water flowing down the fill.

In a counterflow design, the air flow is directly opposite to the water flow. Air flow first enters an open area beneath the fill media, and is then drawn up vertically. The water is sprayed through pressurized nozzles near the top of the tower, and then flows downward through the fill, opposite to the air flow. see more

Crossflow vs Counterflow Cooling Towers

Data center thermal optimization is a comprehensive package of facility improvement measures—from the cooling tower to the rack—which optimizes primary/secondary cooling cycles and white space. It applies intelligence about the density of IT workloads to regulate the cooling within a data center. 

Comparing crossflow vs counterflow cooling towers is a common thing to do when choosing between cooling towers for a specific application. The most apparent distinction between crossflow towers and counterflow towers is that the airflow is perpendicularly contacted with the process water in the fill in the former while it comes into contact with the process water stream in the opposite direction for the latter. Click to read more

Refrences:

https://www.linquip.com/blog/counterflow-cooling-tower/

https://new.siemens.com/

https://en.wikipedia.org/

A ball valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which uses a hollow, perforated and pivoting ball to control flow through it. It is open when the ball's hole is in line with the flow and closed when it is pivoted 90-degrees by the valve handle.The handle lies flat in alignment with the flow when open, and is perpendicular to it when closed, making for easy visual confirmation of the valve's status. The shut position 1/4 turn could be in either CW or CCW direction.

There are many things to consider when you decide to buy ball valve parts. You should know the ball valve well enough and for that, you need to learn each and every part and gain a deep understanding of ball valve replacement parts to find the right Valevs for your system. Linquip gathered around all the necessary information you need to know about ball valve parts in this article. So read on and enjoy effortless learning.click for read more

What are the flow control valves?

Flow control valves are units designed to regulate the pressure or the flow of a fluid. There are a few devices such as temperature gauges or flow meters, providing signals for flow control valves which intrigues their operation.

Control valves are normally fitted with actuators and positioners. Pneumatically-actuated globe valves and diaphragm valves are widely used for control purposes in many industries, although quarter-turn types such as (modified) ball and butterfly valves are also used.

Control valves can also work with hydraulic actuators (also known as hydraulic pilots). These types of valves are also known as automatic control valves. The hydraulic actuators respond to changes of pressure or flow and will open/close the valve. Automatic control valves do not require an external power source, meaning that the fluid pressure is enough to open and close them. see more

What is a Ball Valve?

Ball valves are mechanical devices capable of controlling, guiding, directing, and modulating the flow of different substances such as gas, pressure, liquids, etc. There are different ball valve types with various designs for specific uses, but basic ball valve parts are the same among them. Different ball valves can be classified based on different features.

Designed for efficiency, with precise control and leak-free operations, control ball valves are used for continuous and precise control in closed circuits. Siemens recommends control ball valves especially for air handling units and the 6-port control ball valves for heated and chilled ceilings.see more

Refrences:

https://www.linquip.com/blog/ball-valve-types-and-their-uses/

https://new.siemens.com/global/en/products/buildings/hvac/valves-actuators/control-ball-valves.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_valve

Everything about Gas Turbine

Gas turbine type can be considered as a highly important factor, for each type has its different applications. A gas turbine is a type of internal combustion engine. The engine can be considered as an energy conversion device as it converts energy stored in the fuel with beneficial mechanical energy into the shape of rotational power. As a professional network in the area of industrial equipment, we invite you to read this guide about gas turbine type at Linquip, find more useful information about the working principle of gas turbines, their applications, and learn about compressors and combustor types.

A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of continuous and internal combustion engine. The main elements common to all gas turbine engines are:

• an upstream rotating gas compressor
• a combustor
• a downstream turbine on the same shaft as the compressor.

The SGT5-8000H was the very first air-cooled H-class gas turbine on the market. More than 750,000 fired hours of operational experience make it the most reliable and tested H-class gas turbine technology available today. With a power output of 450 MW in simple cycle, or 665 MW in combined cycle operation, and a combined cycle efficiency of 61%, it is among the most efficient and powerful gas turbines in commercial operation, with low operating and lifecycle costs. read more 

How do gas turbine parts go together?

By looking at a gas turbine, you can see the combustion section, one of the very important gas turbine parts, is between the compressor and the turbine flow direction. The fuel and the air are combined and burned in this way. Then, the hot exhaust passes the turbine and leaves the nozzle. We can consider two important roles performed by the nozzle. It is designed to make thrust by accelerating thrust generation via heat exhaust gas. Then the nozzle controls the engine’s mass flow.

The basic operation of the gas turbine is a Brayton cycle with air as the working fluid : atmospheric air flows through the compressor that brings it to higher pressure ; energy is then added by spraying fuel into the air and igniting it so that the combustion generates a high-temperature flow ; this high-temperature pressurized gas enters a turbine, producing a shaft work output in the process, used to drive the compressor ; the unused energy comes out in the exhaust gases that can be repurposed for external work, such as directly producing thrust in a turbojet engine, or rotating a second, independent turbine (known as a power turbine) that can be connected to a fan, propeller, or electrical generator. click here

Solar battery

A rechargeable battery, storage battery, or secondary cell, (or archaically accumulator) is a type of electrical battery which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times, as opposed to a disposable or primary battery, which is supplied fully charged and discarded after use. It is composed of one or more electrochemical cells. The term "accumulator" is used as it accumulates and stores energy through a reversible electrochemical reaction. Rechargeable batteries are produced in many different shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to megawatt systems connected to stabilize an  electrical distribution network. Several different combinations of electrode materials and electrolytes are used, including lead–acid, zinc-air, nickel–cadmium (NiCd), nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), and lithium-ion polymer (Li-ion polymer).

Knowing the right features of the best solar batteries enables you to choose the perfect one for your solar energy system. While evaluating the solar batteries, the essential things would be comparing battery’s power rating and capacity, its depth of discharge, warranty, and round-trip efficiency as well as the brand. click to read more information

Industrial Gearbox

A transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power. Often the term 5 speed transmission refers simply to the gearbox that uses gears and gear trains to provide speed and torque conversions from a rotating power source to another device.

An industrial gearbox is an enclosed system that transmits mechanical energy to a transmission unit. The system slows down the speed and torque of rotation. Industrial gearboxes are different from standard gearboxes, as the former needs a long, stable life and safety factor for most of the drives. To control speed and torque and convert it functionally, an industrial gearbox transmits mechanical power into a driving tool. In contrast to mass gearboxes, industrial gearboxes can handle multiple tasks at extremely high speeds over a long period.

more information in this link: https://www.linquip.com/blog/general-equipments/industrial-gearbox/

Refrences:

https://www.linquip.com/blog/gas-turbine-type-applications/

https://new.siemens.com/

https://en.wikipedia.org/

What is Hydrovane Compressors?

A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor. Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor also reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively incompressible; while some can be compressed, the main action of a pump is to pressurize and transport liquids.

HC or Hydrovane Compressor is the system used to produce compressed. They have been designed in a way to provide dependable and consistent air supply. Hydrovane compressors built by Hydrovane in the UK are famous for their durability, great performance and reliability. Hydrovane compressors can be used in a wide range of industries affecting the quality of our lives to a great extent. If you are curious to know more about Hydrovane compressors, Linquip is here to provide you with all the things you need to know about compressor. Now let’s dive deeper. more information about Hydrovane Compressors

Air conditioning (often referred to as AC, A/C, or air con) is the process of removing heat and moisture from the interior of an occupied space to improve the comfort of occupants. Air conditioning can be used in both domestic and commercial environments. This process is most commonly used to achieve a more comfortable interior environment, typically for humans and other animals; however, air conditioning is also used to cool and dehumidify rooms filled with heat-producing electronic devices, such as computer servers, power amplifiers, and to display and store some delicate products, such as artwork.

How air conditioner compressor works is that the compressor pumps refrigerant throughout the whole system. But what is refrigerant? This fluid is responsible to take the heat away from inside the house and dump it outside. read more

HVAC is a term that is heard in all kinds of applications, from domestic to industrial. What it means and where it is used, however, are things that you might not completely know. In what follows, you get access to some information about this subject.

The components of HVAC

Do we need to know about HVAC system components? Well, HVAC systems are intended not only to adjust the thermal conditions of an area (mostly indoor), but they also bear the responsibility of delivering clean air to provide comfort in the environment when needed. Therefore, it would be quite beneficial actually to know some basics about their components, not only to appreciate the engineering art put into them, but also be able to identify easier what might your system need to work as you wish.

In modern buildings, the design, installation, and control systems of these functions are integrated into one or more HVAC systems. For very small buildings, contractors normally estimate the capacity and type of system needed and then design the system, selecting the appropriate refrigerant and various components needed. For larger buildings, building service designers, mechanical engineers, or building services engineers analyze, design, and specify the HVAC systems. Specialty mechanical contractors and suppliers then fabricate, install and commission the systems. Building permits and code-compliance inspections of the installations are normally required for all sizes of building. more information

What is an HVAC Economizer?

As can be deduced from the name, an HVAC economizer would be a device that enhances the economy of using the HVAC system. An economizer is placed withing the exterior parts of the HVAC system, most often on the rooftop of the facility or property.

Air-side economizers can reduce HVAC energy costs in cold and temperate climates while also potentially improving indoor air quality, but are most often not appropriate in hot and humid climates. With the appropriate controls, economizers can be used in climates which experience various weather systems. For information on how economizers and other controls can affect energy efficiency and indoor air quality in buildings, see the US Environmental Protection Agency report, "Energy Cost and IAQ Performance of Ventilation Systems and Controls Study.

 Click to read more

The importance of HVAC

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer. "Refrigeration" is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation, as HVAC&R or HVACR or "ventilation" is dropped, as in HACR (as in the designation of HACR-rated circuit breakers).

As was mentioned earlier, an HVAC system is intended for thermal control of areas as well as comfort for occupants. Temperature is factor that affects the performance and health status of many systems. Take the case of a server room temperature as an example for which high temperature adversely affects the system’s reliability and operation of the servers is a great source of heat generation; therefore, it is important to have an HVAC system that keeps the temperature at a desired point. see more

refrences:

https://www.linquip.com/blog/what-is-hvac/

wikipedia

Steam Boiler (also known as Boiler) is a heat exchanging system and creates steam for outside use. This vessel contains a set of tubes and two other parts, one for combustion and another to contain water. These are the main component but the system is far more complicated than that and contains many other components that together help to achieve the desired outcome.

A boiler or steam generator is used wherever a source of steam is required. The form and size depends on the application: mobile steam engines such as steam locomotives, portable engines and steam-poweredroad vehicles typically use a smaller boiler that forms an integral part of the vehicle; stationary steam engines, industrial installations and power stations will usually have a larger separate steam generating facility connected to the point-of-use by piping. A notable exception is the steam-powered fireless locomotive, where separately-generated steam is transferred to a receiver (tank) on the locomotive. see more

Why should I choose between the best steam boilers?

Steam is an essential element in the energy supply system. As a primary energy source, it fulfils many important functions, whether it’s used to operate a turbine, as process steam for use in industry, or for district heating.   Especially in power plants, heat-recovery steam generators (HRSG) are valuable: They substantially increase a plant’s overall efficiency. This helps you counter the increasing cost of fuel. You also benefit from greater flexibility when operating at part load or during load changes.

Steam boilers are deeply rooted inside our daily lives and therefore the wise choice would be to find the best steam boilers with high quality and durable enough to last for a long time without losing efficiency. Whether you want it for residential or commercial use, there are certain factors to consider like commercial and residential boiler prices, their warranty, the design and the used materials, etc.

There are many steam boilers out on the market but finding the best steam boilers are a little tricky. Different brands, different designs, diverse efficiency rate and lots of other things out there will confuse you and make the choice much more difficult. But Linquip is here to help narrow down the choices and enable you to make the best possible choice. We have searched around and gathered information about different boilers and created a list of 5 best steam boilers sorted by their efficiency rate. click here

Steam boiler maintenance checklist

The steam generator or boiler is an integral component of a steam engine when considered as a prime mover. However it needs to be treated separately, as to some extent a variety of generator types can be combined with a variety of engine units. A boiler incorporates a firebox or furnace in order to burn the fuel and generate heat. The generated heat is transferred to water to make steam, the process of boiling. This produces saturated steam at a rate which can vary according to the pressure above the boiling water. The higher the furnace temperature, the faster the steam production. The saturated steam thus produced can then either be used immediately to produce power via a turbine and alternator, or else may be further superheated to a higher temperature; this notably reduces suspended water content making a given volume of steam produce more work and creates a greater temperature gradient, which helps reduce the potential to form condensation. Any remaining heat in the combustion gases can then either be evacuated or made to pass through an economiser, the role of which is to warm the feed water before it reaches the boiler.

First of all, you need to have a steam boiler maintenance checklist to know what to look for when you want to take care of the system on your own. Every mechanic who knows the way around a steam boiler can easily cross off each and every item on the list so it’s good to consider having a specialist to check on your set up whether as an annual check or monthly check. But if you are one of the people who like to do the task all by him/herself, you should look for the below-mentioned things in your steam boiler:

• Automatic Water Feeders and Water Boiler Maintenance

• Steam Boiler Annual Maintenance Checkup

• Weekly Owner Maintenance and Fall Checkups

• Monitor the Steam Boiler

see more

Cooling towers are made of different cooling tower parts with various functions whose health status corresponds to the performance of the cooling process. Now, aside from conditions of tower parts, the cooling tower efficiency would essentially depend on the climatic conditions, particularly the relative humidity of the ambient air and its wet-bulb temperature.

Cooling Tower  Efficiency Calculations

There are two factors that contribute to the calculation of cooling tower efficiency, namely the range and approach of the cooling tower. As was previously mentioned, the efficiency of the tower is highly related to the ambient wet-bulb temperature. The cold water temperature would ideally equal this wet-bulb temperature.

Of course nothing can be perfect in this word, and in this case it is because such an ideal situation can only be achieved by having a very large tower which is not only infeasible but also has its own problems such as large amounts of evaporation and windage (more on this in the upcoming sections).

Cooling Tower Approach

The cooling tower approach is the difference between the cold water temperature at the outlet of the tower and the ambient wet-bulb temperature. This measure is one of the important factors contributing to the cooling tower efficiency.

 Approach = Cold Water Temperature – Wet Bulb Temperature

Cooling Tower Range

Another indicator of the cooling tower efficiency is the cooling tower range, which is calculated by subtracting the tower’s outlet water temperature from the hot water temperature at the inlet of the cooling tower.... Read More 

Increasing cooling tower efficiency plays quite a significant role in improving the overall efficiency of commercial and industrial cooling systems. The cooling tower is an indispensable component of these systems, be it a commercial system intended for an office building or an industrial one for a refinery, and therefore, maintaining and further increasing its efficiency would be quite beneficial if not crucial.

Image from ENEXIO

When a cooling tower efficiency is to be designed, some factors are taken into consideration including the wet-bulb

temperature, cooling range, approach to the wet-bulb temperature, water circulation rate, air velocity through the tower's air passageway(s), and of course the tower height. These design parameters will come handy when one is to work around the efficiency of the cooling tower.

Here at Linquip, we have arranged for our clients to conveniently choose from some of the best suppliers of cooling tower parts and products.

Stay tuned for more details about the factors that are for efficiency calculations of the cooling towers.

First Thing to Know about the Cooling Tower Efficiency

There are two factors that are strong indicators of the cooling tower efficiency: makeup water quality and the cycles of concentration (COC). These factors will also help identify whether there is room for improving the efficiency of cooling tower.